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書封 舊制度與大革命
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舊制度與大革命

Published
2015
Format
PDF
ISBN
9789571363912
Read Aloud
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在《舊制度與大革命》的前言,托克維爾開宗明義提到,自己寫作的並非一部大革命史,而是針對大革命所進行的研究。他所欲探討的是,「這些法國人由於哪些事件、哪些錯誤、哪些誤判,最終放棄了原先的目標、忘卻了自由,只想成為世界霸主身邊平等的僕役;為何一個比大革命推翻的政府更強大專制的政府,會重新奪得並集中所有權力,取消以如此昂貴的代價換來的所有自由,以虛幻的表象取而代之?」
他從而討論了舊制度中,貴族的權力如何逐漸被君主專制取代;貴族階級沒落,卻仍保有其特權,使得法國人民對不平等的恨意越發強烈;有產階級為了證明自己有別於一般平民,如何在舊制度中藉由爭取特權來謀得地位;人民如何因為對不平等的憤怒、對特權的喜愛,最終成為一個個分散的小集團,彼此疏離且不再關心公共事務;當法國人原有的溫和風俗,擺脫了宗教、舊習慣,以及法律對人加諸的限制後,如何不受控制,使他們在大革命時成為了最粗暴的民族;沒有政治實務經驗的文人,如何透過他們的理想引導人民完成這場暴烈的革命,又產生何種弊病;社會主義如何從專制中誕生;而重視平等卻不重視自由,使得法國一次又一次在大革命後迎向專制政府。然而,這些犀利的批判並不代表托克維爾不認同大革命,他讚揚人們「不只是要建立民主的制度,還要真的自由;不但要消滅特權,還要彰顯並保障人民的各種權利。這是青春、熱情、自豪的時代,充滿慷慨和真誠的感情。儘管它有各種謬誤,但會永遠銘刻在人們心中,並且很長一段時間都將讓那些想腐蝕或奴役人類的人不得安寧。」
而從附錄裡托克維爾對三級會議省朗格多克省的討論中,我們能見到托克維爾理想中一個較為健全的制度。
本書出版於一八五六年,距今已近一百六十個年頭,我們依舊沒有脫離公共精神喪失、貧富差距加深、對階級不平等與特權的憎恨、對強勢領導人的期盼等問題,托克維爾對歐洲古老政體種種弊病的分析,以及對平等社會提出的警訊,在如今看來,仍舊值得我們深思熟慮,亦是歷經兩百年,托克維爾之聲望仍然高居不下的原因。
  • Place of Publication 臺灣
  • Language 繁體中文

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